一、Writing (本大题1小题.每题106.0分，共106.0分。 For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition . You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: )
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Private Tutoring. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
1.为孩子聘请家教目前非常普遍
2.有人认为这对孩子有帮助，有人则不以为然
3.我的看法
On Private Tutoring
__________________________
__________________________
二、选词填空
Two astronauts face a not-so-merry Christmas after being told to ration their food and hope a cargo ship with extra supplies docks on Dec. 21. Russian cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov and American Leroy Chiao have been asked to cut out calories equal to three cans of Coke from their daily diet—around 10 percent of their daily 1 and an amount that would be little noticed, NASA said.
Russian officials, quoted in the local media, have 2 blamed the previous crew for overeating during their one-month mission earlier this year, leaving a 3 of meat and milk and a surplus of juice and confectionery (糖果).
The Dec. 24 launch of the next Progress is now 4 for the crew, stationed in orbit since October. It is due to 5 with the ISS on Dec. 21.
NASA officials said their situation was not so different from being cut off on Earth, and their lives were not at risk. If they do not receive 6 supplies, the astronauts would have to 7 the station and return to Earth on the Soyuz capsule that is docked there.
Russia has been the sole lifeline to the ISS for almost two years when the United States grounded its 8 fleet after the fatal Columbia accident.
Russia has often 9 of its financial struggle to keep the ISS fully serviced single-handedly. Shuttle flights could 10 in May, officials have said, but in the meantime Russia will continue to launch all manned and cargo ships.
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I) adequate |
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B) complained |
J) dock |
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C) severely |
K) resume |
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D) allowance |
L) vital |
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E) considerately |
M) trivial |
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F) shuttle |
N) evaluate |
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G) evacuate |
O) fresh |
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H) absently |
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三、段落匹配题
Paper--More than Meets the Eye
A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials， and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties， it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose， so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart， it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good， but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods， cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized， but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags， with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda， until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made， relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That， in a very small nutshell， is the essence of paper making from wood. However， the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card， the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together， but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture， the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means， of course， that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive， but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials， causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
H) So， how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking， and rather disappointingly， you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down， and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this， as I have indicated earlier， paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach， china clay， chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture， and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in， or printing on， the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally， acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free， but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees， it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though， since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more， but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.
2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper， but the superiority ones are soft wood， cotton and rags.
3. During the whole manufacturing process， the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.
4. In order to make white paper and card， the makers will add bleach.
5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.
6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture， because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.
7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.
8. If the lignin is removed from the paper， the paper will be more expensive.
9. Although free of lignin， paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.
10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.
四、阅读
Anne Whitney, a sophomore (大学二年级学生) at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. "I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer. My low grades on the tests did not show what I knew to the teacher. " Another student in biology had similar experiences. He said, "My first chemistry test was very difficult. Then, on the second test, I sat down to take it, and I was so nervous that I was shaking. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn't even write them down!"
These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.
Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show (heir anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with (heir tensions. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.
An expert • at the University of California explains, " With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great. "
1. To "blank out" is probably______.
A. to be like a blanket B. to be sure of an answer
C. to be unable to think clearly D. to show knowledge to the teacher
2. Poor grades are usually the result of______.
A. poor sleeping habit B. laziness
C. lack of sleep D. inability to form good study habits
3. Test anxiety has been recognized as______.
A. an excuse for laziness B. the result of poor study habits
C. a real problem D. something that cannot be changed
4. To deal with this problem, students say they want to______.
A. take a short course on anxiety
B. read about anxiety
C. be able to manage or understand their anxiety
D. take tests to prove they are not anxious
5. A University of California advisor said______.
A. all students could overcome the anxiety after taking a special test anxiety program
B. almost all students felt less stress after taking a University of California advising course
C. students found it difficult to improve even though they had taken a special test anxiety course
D. students found it easy to relax as soon as they entered a University of California advising course
We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute, It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”
To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.
This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.
Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC.till approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is
estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.
6.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy?
A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.
B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.
C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.
D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.
7.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction because___.
A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.
B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.
C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.
D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.
8.Which statement is true about population increase?
A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.
B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.
C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.
D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and the present.
9.The author of the passage intends to___.
A.warn people against the population explosion in the near future.
B.compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650.
C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.
D.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.
10.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means___.
A.statistics of human.
B.surroundings study.
C.accumulation of human.
D.development of human.
五 、翻译
清华大学被视为中国最著名和选拔人才最严格的大学之一。清华大学的校园位于北京西北部的海淀区，这是专为大学指定的区域。它坐落在清代皇家花园的旧址上，保留了一些中式的园林风格以及一些传统的建筑，但它的许多建筑物都是西式风格的，反应了美国对它的影响。它拥有中国最美丽校园之一，拥有中国最好的工程和应用科学 (applied science)课程，吸引了全国最有才华的学生，其地位和美国伯克利大 学 (Berkeley)、麻省理工学院以及斯坦福大学相当。
【正确答案】：
[范文与解析]
[l] Nowadays it's very common for parents to hire private tutors for their children. [2] Some people believe that private tutoring is helpful for a child to make rapid progress in his study, while others hold opposite views.
[3] As far as I am concerned, private tutoring is not advisable for most people. [4] First, private tutoring is not necessary. [5] If a student listen carefully to his teachers in classes, finish his homework on time, and study hard, he can perform well in his study without any private tutoring. [6] Second, private tutoring may put a child under great stress. [7] Once, a child told me that he hated private tutoring because it takes so much of his time that he can not play with his friends very often. In return he just won't listen to his private tutor.
[8] In one word, private tutoring is not a heal-all, so I think parents should think twice before they rush to hire a private tutor for their kids.
【答案解析】
[写作指南]
这篇作文要求讨论“请家教”的问题。Outline足“现象—正反两种观点-自己的观点”模式。这种题目有两种写作思路。
第一种思路，把重点放在“不同的看法”上，然后略写自己的观点(支持其中一个观点，或者当“和事佬”，说具体问题具体分析)。这时，要重点考虑：支持请家教的观点有什么?(激发学生学习兴趣、培养学生交际能力、提高成绩、充分利用时间，等等。)反对请家教，有什么理由?(没有必要，课堂上学好的话，不必请家教;作用不大，如果学生自己没有主动性，请厂家教也没有用;占用过多学生自主学习、游玩的时间，不利于学生的健康发展;等等。)
第二种思路是把写作重点放在“我”的看法上。就如范文那样，先简要介绍存在的不同看法，然后着重论述自己的观点。当然，自己的观点可以是支持，也可以是反对，但总的说来，要言之成理，要有逻辑性，沿言要衔接、连贯、自然。 Analysis
[1] 对应outline的第1条，简要说明现象
[2] 对应outline的第2条，说明存在两种不同的看法。
[3] 对应outline的第3条，提出自己的看法。文章剩余部分就用来论证自己的看法。
[4] [6] 是[3] 的支持句。用first， second关联。
[5] [7] 分别对两个分论点予以展开;
[8] 用in one word总结自己的观点
文章精要
文章讲述了国际空间站上宇航员所面临的困难，尤其是食物短缺的问题。文 章指出造成这些问题的原因是之前的宇航员吃得太多。
选词填空
1. D 空格前为形容词daily，空格后为连词and和an amount，分析句子结构可知，此处应填入一个名词。原文提到，俄罗斯和美国宇航员被要求减少摄 取饮食中的热量，被减少的热量相当于三杯可乐的热量，大约减少了他们日常 的10%，显然破折号前面的daily diet和此处的daily 表达相同的含义，结合选项可知daily allowance最合适，意为“每日供给量”。
2. C 空格前为have，空格后为blamed，判断此处应该填一个副词。选项中可以修饰blame的只有severely “严厉地”。
3. A 空格前为不定冠词a，判断此处应该填一个名词。分析句子结构可知，a of meat and milk和a surplus of juice and confectionery为并列结构，故此处应填一个和surplus相对或者相近的名词，结合选项，此处可填入 deficit，意为“不足”。
4. L 空格前出现了系动词is，空格后为for the crew，此处要表达“下一阶段的12月24日的发射对自从10月份就驻扎在太空轨道中的宇航员们来说是 ”，结合选项中给出的形容词，只有vital合适，意为“重要的”。
5. J 空格前为不定式符号to，后为介词with，分析此处应填入动词原形，且与with构成搭配。根据上下文语境：在12月21日，它将和国际空间站 。动词选项中只有dock符合文意，dock with为固定结构，意为“与 对接”。
6. 0 空格前为动词，空格后为名词，分析此处应填一个形容词，来修饰空格后的名词。此处指出，如果他们没有收到 供给，宇航员就不得不返回地球，结合选项中的形容词，此处填人fresh符合句意，fresh supplies意为 “新鲜供应”，也指“新增补给”。
7. G 空格前为have to,空格后为the station，分析此处应填一个动词原形。此处语境为：但如果他们没有收到新鲜的供给，宇航员就不得不 空间站并返回到位于地球的联盟号宇宙飞船中。回到地球，肯定就要“离开”空间 站，选项中只有表示“离开，撤离”。
8. F 空格前为形容词性物主代词its(指美国的)，空后为名词fleet，显然its fleet要表达的是“美国的 舰队”。此处语境为：自哥伦比亚号
失事后，美国停飞了它的 ，而这两年的时间里俄罗斯一直是国际空间站的唯一的生命线。此处显然要填表示“飞机;飞船”的单词，shuttle fleet意为“航天飞机”，为固定搭配，符合句意。
9. B 空格前有助动词has,空格后为介词of,判断空处应填一个动词的过去分词，且可与of搭配。此处要表达：俄罗斯经常 它独自维持国际空间站运营的财政困难，结合选项，俄罗斯显然是在“抱怨”，complain of...意 为“抱怨……”，符合句意。
10. K空格前为情态动词could，空格后为in May，判断此处应填一个不及物动词。此句意为“官员说道，航天飞机会在五月 ，但同时，俄罗斯会继续发射载人和载物飞船。”结合选项只有resume符合文意，意为“重新开始 (飞行)”。
三、段落匹配题
文章精要
本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。
1.B根据题干中的信息提示词corn—flake packet，high grade card，可定位到文章第二段，该部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜.
2.C根据题干中的信息提示词soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。
3.D根据题干中的信息提示词final product，可将答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的产品来源于纤维素纸浆。
4.D 根据题干中的信息提示词white paper and card，可将答案定位到D段，该部分最后提到为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。
5.E根据题干中的信息提示词essential for the tree，可将答案定位到E段，该部分提到木质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。
6.F 根据题干中的信息提示词lignin，可将答案定位到F段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。
7.G根据题干中的信息提示词acid，可将答案定位到G段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤其不利。
8.F根据题干中的信息提示词lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因为该段提到，如果在纸张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道，去除了木质素的纸张价格必定会更加昂贵。
9.K根据题干中的信息提示词cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，该部分告诉我们，尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素，但它们要比木制的纸贵很多，这是因为棉花和破布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。
10.M根据题干中的信息提示词Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。 How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint Presentations
四、阅读
1. C 2. D 3. C4. A 5. B
6-10：ABADA
五、翻译
Tsinghua University is regarded as one of the most renowned and most selective universities in China. The campus of Tsinghua University is situated in northwest Beijing, in Haidian District which is designated for universities. It is located on the former site of Qing Dynasty royal gardens and retains some Chinese-style landscapes as well as some traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are Western-style reflecting the American influence on its history. With one of the most beautiful campuses and the best engineering and applied science programs in China, it attracts the most talented students of the nation and occupies a position similar to Berkeley, MIT, and Stanford University in the US.