Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay
entitled Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young. You should write at least
150 words following the outline given below.
1. 有些人认为家人对青少年的影响最大。
2.有些人认为朋友对青少年的影响最大。
3.我的看法。
Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care?
Electronic health records (EHRs) have received a lot of attention since the Obama administration committed $19 billion in stimulus funds earlier this year to encourage hospitals and health care facilities to digitize patient data and make better use of information technology. The healthcare industry as a whole, however, has been slow to adopt information technology and integrate computer systems, raising the question of whether the push to digitize will result in information that empowers doctors to make better-informed decisions or a morass of disconnected data. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) knows firsthand how difficult it is to achieve the former, and how easily an EHR plan can fall into the latter. UPMC has spent five years and more than $1 billion on information technology systems to get ahead of the EHR issue. While that is more than five times as much as recent estimates say it should cost a hospital system, UPMC is a mammoth network consisting of 20 hospitals as well as 400 doctors’ offices, outpatient sites and long-term care facilities employing about 50,000 people. UPMC’s early attempts to create a universal EHR system, such as its ambulatory electronic medical records rolled out between 2000 and 2005, were met with resistance as doctors, staff and other users either avoided using the new technology altogether or clung to individual, disconnected software and systems that UPMC’s IT department had implemented over the years.
On the mend
Although UPMC began digitizing some of its records in 1996, the turning point in its efforts came in 2004 with the rollout of its eRecord system across the entire health care network. eRecord now contains more than 3.6 million electronic patient records, including images and CT scans, clinical laboratory information, radiology data, and a picture archival and communication system that digitizes images and makes them available on PCs. The EHR system has 29,000 users, including more than 5,000 physicians employed by or affiliated with UPMC. If UPMC makes EHR systems look easy, don’t be fooled, cautions UPMC chief medical information officer Dan Martich, who says the health care network’s IT systems require a "huge, ongoing effort" to ensure that those systems can communicate with one another. One of the main reasons is that UPMC, like many other health care organizations, uses a number of different vendors for its medical and IT systems, leaving the integration largely up to the IT staff.
Since doctors typically do not want to change the way they work for the sake of a computer system, the success of an EHR program is dictated not only by the presence of the technology but also by how well the doctors are trained on, and use, the technology. Physicians need to see the benefits of using EHR systems both persistently and consistently, says Louis Baverso, chief information officer at UPMC’s Magee-Women’s Hospital. But these benefits might not be obvious at first, he says, adding, "What doctors see in the beginning is that they’re losing their ability to work with paper documents, which has been so valuable to them up until now."
Opportunities and costs
Given the lack of EHR adoption throughout the health care world, there are a lot of opportunities to get this right (or wrong). Less than 10 percent of U.S hospitals have adopted electronic medical records even in the most basic way, according to a study authored by Ashish Jha, associate professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health. Only 1.5 percent have adopted a comprehensive system of electronic records that includes physicians’ notes and orders and decision support systems that alert doctors of potential drug interactions or other problems that might result from their intended orders.
Cost is the primary factor stalling EHR systems, followed by resistance fro physicians unwilling to adopt new technologies and a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise, according to Jha. He indicated that a hospital could spend from $20 million to $200 million to implement an electronic record system over several years, depending on the size of the hospital. A typical doctor’s office would cost an estimated $50,000 to outfit with an EHR system.
The upside of EHR systems is more difficult to quantify. Although some estimates say that hospitals and doctor’s offices could save as much as $100 million annually by moving to EHRs, the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees neither cost savings nor improvements in care, Jha said during a Harvard School of Public
Health community forum on September 17. Another Harvard study of hospital computerization likewise determined that cutting costs and improving care through health IT as it exists today is "wishful thinking". This study was led by David Himmelstein, associate professor at Harvard Medical School. The cost of getting it wrong The difference between the projected cost savings and the reality of the situation stems from the fact that the EHR technologies implemented to date have not been designed to save money or improve patient care, says Leonard D’Avolio, associate center director of Biomedical Informatics at the Massachusetts Veterans
Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC). Instead, EHRs are used to document individual patients’ conditions, pass this information among clinicians treating those patients, justify financial reimbursement and serve as the legal records of events.
This is because, if a health care facility has $1 million to spend, its managers are more likely to spend it on an expensive piece of lab equipment than on information technology, D’Avolio says, adding that the investment on lab equipment can be made up by charging patients access to it as a billable service. This is not the case for IT. Also, computers and networks used throughout hospitals and health care facilities are disconnected and often manufactured by different vendors without a standardized way of communicating. "Medical data is difficult to standardize because caring for patients is a complex process," he says. "We need to find some way of reaching across not just departments but entire hospitals. If you can’t measure something, you can’t improve it, and without access to this data, you can’t measure it."
To qualify for a piece of the $19 billion being offered through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), healthcare facilities will have to justify the significance of their IT investments to ensure they are "meaningful users" of EHRs. The Department of Health and Human Services has yet to define what it considers meaningful use Aggregating info to create knowledge
Ideally, in addition to providing doctors with basic information about their patients, databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be mined for new knowledge, D’Avolio says. "With just a few of these databases networked together, the power to improve health care increases exponentially," D’Avolio suggested. "All that is missing is the collective realization that better health care requires access to better information—not automation of the status quo." Down the road, the addition of genomic information, environmental factors and family history to these databases will enable clinicians to begin to realize the potential of personalized medicine, he added.
1. In America, it is slow to adopt information technology because .
A) the funds invested by the government is not enough in the past
B) EHRs have received less attention of the public in the past
C) whether it will be useful to doctors or not is doubtful
D) UPMC knows how difficult it is to digitize the hospital
2. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) .
A) is the first medical center to adopt information technology
B) satisfy the requirement of the government on information technology
C) spent less money on information technology than it was estimated
D) attempted to created a universal EHR system, but met some difficulties
3. The health care network’s IT systems require a lot of effort to ensure it
can communicate with one another mainly because .
A) the integration among different system is largely up to the IT staff
B) UPMC is like many other health care organizations in the United States
C) UPMC makes EHR systems look easy
D) UMPC began digitizing some of its records in 1996
4. The success of the EHR program is decided by .
A) the fact whether the information technology is available or not
B) the fact how well the doctors are trained to use the information technology
C) not only the presence of the technology but the doctor’s training on technology
D) the fact whether physicians can see the benefits of using EHR systems
5. The most important reason of most hospitals being reluctant to adopt EHR system is that .
A) the cost is too high for the hospital to afford
B) physicians are unwilling to adopt it
C) there is a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise
D) doctor worry about its negative influence on patients
6. According to the study led by David Himmelstein through health IT .
A) it is possible to cut the costs of the hospital
B) it is possible to improve the health care
C) it ensure neither cost saving nor improvement in care
D) it could save as much as $100 million annually
7. The hospital’s managers prefer to .
A) spend money on an expensive piece of equipment than on information technology
B) charge patients access to the information technology as a billable service
C) purchase the information technology to improve the health care of the hospital
D) invest more money on the training of the physicians to charge patients more money
8. Jha said the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees ______________________.
9. D ’ Avolio says the investment on lab equipment can be made up by_____________________.
10. Databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be ____________________.
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long
conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked
about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only
once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read
the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then
mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A) He doesn’t know the way to the theater.
B) He doesn’t usually get up at 7:30.
C) He wants to leave the theater before the drama is over.
D) He wants to go early to avoid a traffic jam.
12. A) She got a weekend job at the beach.
B) She often goes to the beach.
C) She misses the trips to the beach she used to take.
D) Her home is near the beach.
13. A) He will make a reservation at the restaurant.
B) The woman should ask her parents for a suggestion.
C) The woman should decide where to eat Saturday.
D) He already has plans for Saturday night.
14. A) He doubts the woman will like the novel.
B) He’ll lend the woman the novel after he has read it.
C) He enjoyed reading the novel.
D) He hasn’t started reading the novel yet.
15. A) The doctor’s office will be closed tomorrow.
B) The doctor’s schedule is filled tomorrow.
C) The doctor has stopped seeing new patients.
D) The doctor can see the man tomorrow.
16. A) She was sorry the man couldn’t finish his laundry.
B) She saw the man run out.
C) She thought the man’s laundry was done badly.
D) She thought the man’s lawn was too dry.
17. A) His coach didn’t help him enough.
B) He had no chance of winning.
C) His coach didn’t listen to him.
D) He didn’t follow his coach’s advice.
18. A) She grades papers very quickly.
B) She isn’t teaching this semester.
C) She didn’t require any papers last semester.
D) She was more flexible last semester.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) Father and daughter.
B) Colleagues.
C) Friends.
D) Husband and wife.
20. A) They are discussing whether they should go for a holiday.
B) They are discussing where they should go for the holiday.
C) They are discussing how they could save enough money for the holiday.
D) They are discussing how they could pay for their house and the furniture.
21. A) Sheffield.
B) Hawaii.
C) Wales or Scotland.
D) Florida.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. A) In a skating rink.
B) On a bike path.
C) On the campus sidewalks.
D) In the street.
23. A) He has trouble stopping.
B) There are too many rocks.
C) Going uphill is difficult.
D) There are too many curves.
24. A) Pull him up the hills.
B) Catch him if he starts to fail.
C) Find some skates for him.
D) Teach him how to stop on skates.
25. A) Look for the man’s skates.
B) Have a meal.
C) Look for something to drink.
D) Start skating on the path.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each
passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be
spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from
the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) The beef is lost.
B) Something is not as good as described.
C) The beef is not as good as it is said to be.
D) The food has turned bad.
27. A) Because they are made from beef.
B) Because they are cheaper than any other kind of food.
C) Because they are served quickly and at a low price.
D) Because hamburger is the only fast food in America.
28. A) Because hamburgers are good to eat.
B) Because they are easy to make.
C) Because they could sell hamburgers throughout the country.
D) Because they thought they could make large profit.
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A) They often take place in her major industries.
B) British trade unions are more powerful.
C) There are more trade union members in Britain.
D) Britain loses more working days through strikes every year.
30. A) Such strikes are against the British law.
B) Such strikes are unpredictable.
C) Such strikes involve workers from different trades.
D) Such strikes occur frequently these days.
31. A) Trade unions in Britain are becoming more popular.
B) Most strikes in Britain are against the British law.
C) Unofficial strikes in Britain are easier to deal with now.
D) Employer-worker relations in Britain have become tenser.
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
32. A) Education.
B) Wealth.
C) Diligence.
D) Political status.
33. A) The change of the nature of occupations.
B) The decrease of social wealth.
C) The change of educational degree.
D) The increase of job opportunities.
34. A) Farmers.
B) Politicians.
C) Manual workers..
D) Clerks.
35. A) White-collar workers.
B) Farm workers.
C) Blue-collar workers.
D) Not mentioned.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the
passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea.
When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks
numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered
from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks,
you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points
in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should
check what you have written.
Daily newspaper has an editorial page. Here opinion is expressed on events and
36 in the news. But editorial judgment is so persuasively 37 that many people accept
these opinions as facts. Good journalists 38 a code of ethics which 39 between news
and editorial opinion. This code holds that in an editorial 40 the publisher is
entitled to 41 any cause he chooses. It is understood that there he is speaking as
a partisan and may express any view he 42 . Because a modern newspaper is so expensive
to produce and so 43 to establish, newspapers have increasingly become big business
organizations. Although there are exceptions, 44 _________________.In the news
columns, however, the complete and unbiased facts should be reported. The better
metropolitan newspapers and 45 _____________. But the less ethical publications 46
_______________.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
Currently, there are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement
becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed
among "situations vacant", although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes
it appears among "situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking
for a job, either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.
"Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience
in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history", is how it is usually expressed.
The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a
reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of
the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion
that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.
There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. "Just
put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams", was about
the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs
when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained,
everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of
full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and
were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.
Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was
called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish
you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over. I am
the person you are looking for", was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.
Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.
There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with
university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led
to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
47. There are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement in newspaper columns ______.
48. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.
49. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would ______.
50. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include ______ in the letter.
51. The curriculum vitae has become such an important document because ______.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by
some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices
marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Computers are now employed in an increasing number of fields in our daily life.
Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess,
which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the
ability to learn from experience.
Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly
suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program
evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and
the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice
it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40,000 moves a second. That
is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in
chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it
could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of
holding that much data.
Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be
programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from
experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured
situation—in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing
computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten
human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry
them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone
on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this
example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess
is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious
human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department
uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with
international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations,
ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps
be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers.
52. According to the passage, computers cannot be used to ______.
A) solve the threat of world famine
B) ease international tension
C) defeat world champion chess player
D) work out solutions to the industrial problems
53. In the author’s opinion, ______.
A) playing chess shows computer’s program has been developed into a new stage
B) it is practically possible now that computer can win every chess game now
C) computers even with less than complete data can be programmed to defeat the
world champion chess player
D) computers can be programmed to play and reason but not learn
54. The author’s attitude toward the future use of computer is ______.
A) negative
B) positive
C) indifferent
D) critical
55. In order to "think", computer should ______.
A) be programmed to have more than enough data
B) learn from the experience and to reason
C) deal with all the unstructured situation
D) predicate every move in the chess
56. Today, the chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______.
A) have trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the game
B) store complete data and beat the best players
C) learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D) predicate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time
Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for
reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and
to reflect rather than absorb the sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the
normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of
trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve
the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise
to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius
have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during
the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn,
as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of
the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive
buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.
Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water
to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to
30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings
die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important
adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals
can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸
收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand,
cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach
is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes
death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage
in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain
food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability
to feed normally when extremely dehydrated. It is a common experience in people that
appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.
57. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Animals developed different strategies to survive.
B) Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.
C) Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.
D) A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.
58. Why light in color is important to large animals in deserts?
A) It helped them maintain a constant normal body temperature.
B) It reflects rather than absorbs the sun-light.
C) It helps them see their peers at night.
D) It helps them keep cool during the night.
59. What will be fatal to non-adapted animals?
A) Keeping a normal body temperature.
B) Drinking polluted water.
C) Drinking huge volumes of water in a short time.
D) Feeding when dehydrated.
60. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?
A) They do not need to eat much food.
B) They can eat large quantities quickly.
C) They easily lose their appetites.
D) They can travel long distances looking for food.
61. What is the following strategy not mentioned by the author?
A) The body temperature can be extremely high and cold.
B) Tolerate the loss of body water and replenish it immediately.
C) Lost appetite under the condition of moderate thirsty.
D) To be light in color.
翻译
京剧被称为中国的国粹(national opera), 起源于18世纪晚期，是将音乐、舞蹈、艺术和杂技(acrobatics)综合于一体的戏曲。在中国，京剧是所有戏曲中最有影响力和代表性的戏曲。中国的京剧有着200多年的历史，是中国的名族瑰宝。京剧有着丰富的剧目(repertoire)、众多的表演艺术家和大批的观众，在中国有着其他戏曲无法匹及的深远影响。京剧剧目主要讲述前朝传说故事，其中包括古代重要的历史事件以及王侯将相、才子佳人的故事，讲述从尧、舜、禹，春秋战国群雄并起的历史时期到秦、汉、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清等多朝代的历史故事。
Part I Writing
【写作思路】
青少年的成长一直是一个有争议的话题，有人认为家庭的影响至关重要，会作用于青少年的一生;也有人认为“人以群分”，朋友在青少年的成长发育过程中具有不可替代的影响作用。
大学生也属于青少年，经历着成长过程中父母和朋友的影响。本篇作文以考生自身为题材，难度不大。
文章开篇提出在青少年成长过程中，很多人都起到了非常重要的作用。一部分人认为父母重要，其原因在于孩子从小和父母在一起，他们受到很大影响而不自知。第二段讨论不同的观点，即认为同龄人对青少年的影响更大。因为青少年喜欢和朋友一起玩，喜欢互相学习，喜欢追逐流行。第三段谈论作者本人的观点。首先肯定两方观点都有合理的部分，青少年孩提时代和父母在一起，父母的所作所为为孩子以后的发展奠定了基础，也影响了孩子的价值观和世界观。 当孩子长大时，他们需要独立和认同，需要得到同龄人的认可，受到朋友的影响更多一些。所以得出结论：父母和朋友对青少年的影响都很大，只是在不同的阶段。
【参考范文】
Many parties are occupying important positions in the growth of the young. Some people think that the parents are the most essential in this process, arguing that the young have been together with their parents since birth and that they are influenced without their notice.
Other people hold the opinion that the peers of the young play a major role in their growing up. The young prefer to hang out with their friends, like to learn from one another, and are more likely to follow the so-called "fashion". Of course, both views have an element of reason. In the first few years of life, the young see whatever their parents are doing and learn from them, which lays a basic foundation for their later development as well as their value on life, their outlook. When they grow older, they have a sense of independence and identity. They want to be recognized as members of certain groups. Thus, both parents and friends greatly affect the young, but in different stages.
参考译文
Known as China’s national opera, Beijing Opera, which originated in the late 18th century, is a synthesis of music, dance, art and acrobatics. It is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. Beijing Opera is a national treasure with a history of more than 200 years. Owing to its richness of repertoire, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, Beijing Opera has profound influence, which no other opera in China can rival. The repertoire of Beijing Opera is mainly engaged in fairy tales of preceding dynasties, important historical events, emperors, ministers and generals, geniuses and great beauties, from Yao, Shun, Yu, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period to the dynasties of Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing.